Ecological Interactions, Phenology and Indicator Species

Phenological mismatches, such as insect emergence falling out of step with bird breeding calendars, act as early-warning signals of habitat degradation, pollution stress, or warming trends. Predation, pollination mutualisms, and trophic cascades all shape ecosystem health, and indicator species translate shifts in these interactions into measurable monitoring data. When synchrony breaks down, that signal feeds into EIA baseline surveys mandated under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and its EIA Notification, 2006. Species status is assessed under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and IUCN Red List criteria.

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