GS-I: Heritage, History, Geography

Gender equality

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Constitutional guarantees under Articles 14–15, statutory frameworks — Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, POSH Act 2013, Maternity Benefit Amendment Act 2017 — and international instruments (CEDAW, SDG Goal 5) define India's gender equality architecture. Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Mahila Mandals, and the National Commission for Women (NCW) are institutional pillars. Structural barriers include unpaid care work, gender pay gap, and political under-representation. Policy responses include Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and the 33% reservation debate.