GS-I: Heritage, History, Geography
Fertility rate and demographic transition
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Net Reproduction Rate (NRR), and the classic four-stage demographic transition model link falling mortality, lagging fertility decline, and population momentum. NRR = 1 is replacement level. India-specific data comes from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and Economic Survey demographic dividend projections. Education, female workforce participation, contraceptive access (Mission Parivar Vikas), and urbanization collectively drive fertility decline and shift India's age-structure toward a working-age bulge.