GS-II: Governance, Polity, IR
Local governance
Not met yet — counts as met once you answer a question on it.
India's third tier of government was established by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992). The Eleventh Schedule lists functions of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and the Twelfth Schedule lists functions of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Reservation provisions appear under Articles 243D and 243T. Supporting institutions include State Finance Commissions and District Planning Committees. A central challenge is the devolution gap — finances, functionaries, and functions ('3Fs') have not effectively transferred despite constitutional mandates, as State governments retain discretion over actual devolution.