GS-II: Governance, Polity, IR
Municipal works
Not met yet — counts as met once you answer a question on it.
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) execute civic infrastructure — roads, drains, solid waste management, street lighting, and water supply — as enumerated in the Twelfth Schedule under the 74th Amendment. Funding flows through state grants, own-source revenues, and centrally sponsored missions like AMRUT 2.0 and Smart Cities Mission. Municipal finance gaps — low property tax collection, dependence on State devolution, and limited bond markets — constrain capital expenditure on urban infrastructure and define the core governance challenge for ULBs.