Waste-to-energy
Note
Thermal technologies (incineration, pyrolysis, gasification) and biological technologies (anaerobic digestion, biomethanation) convert municipal solid waste into electricity or fuel. Governance spans the National Policy on Biofuels 2018, Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, and MoEFCC guidelines, with MNRE providing financial incentives under the National Bioenergy Programme. Dual benefits include reducing landfill methane emissions while generating renewable power. Key controversies involve dioxin/furan emissions from incineration, high capital costs, and the risk that WtE plants disincentivise upstream waste segregation and recycling.
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- Air Quality Index
- Air pollution
- Circular economy
- Compensatory afforestation under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and the CAMPA framework
- Eco-sensitive zones, Aravalli mining
- Ecological Interactions, Phenology and Indicator Species
- Endangered wildlife
- Gadgil and Kasturirangan reports
- Illegal riverbed mining
- Invasive species
- Just transition
- Land degradation and ecological restoration
- National Coastal Mission (NCM 2.0)
- Noise pollution
- Offshore mining
- Reforestation
- Regenerative agriculture
- Waste management
- Wetland Conservation: Ramsar Convention and Wetlands Rules, 2017