Reforestation

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: The Glasgow Forest Declaration (agreed at COP26 in 2021) is a standalone political commitment among over 140 countries to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030; it is tracked by independent assessments such as the Forest Declaration Assessment. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework's 30x30 target is a parallel but distinct commitment — adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), not the UNFCCC. Both operate within the 2030 timeline but originate from separate treaty processes. Statement 2 is correct: The 30x30 target (protecting 30% of land and sea areas by 2030) is indeed a core pillar of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted at COP15 in 2022 under the CBD. Statement 3 is false for two overlapping reasons: First, NDCs are not legally binding in terms of their content — the Paris Agreement mandates submission and progressive ambition, but the domestic actions described in NDCs carry no international legal enforcement. Second, the Paris Agreement imposes no specific obligation on countries to include free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) provisions for Indigenous Peoples in their NDCs; such references, where they exist, remain largely descriptive and voluntary. The conflation of NDCs as binding instruments and FPIC as a treaty-mandated requirement is a common misconception that Statement 3 exploits.