Chola dynasty — temple architecture and bronzes

Chola dynasty (9th–13th century CE) represents the apex of Dravidian temple architecture — featuring the vimana, gopuram, and mandapa — exemplified at Brihadeeswarar (Thanjavur), Gangaikondacholapuram, and Darasuram (all UNESCO World Heritage Sites). The Chola school of Panchaloha bronze-casting used the lost-wax (cire perdue) technique, producing iconic Nataraja iconography. This period marks the peak of South Indian temple-town urbanism and royal patronage, linking artistic form, material technique, and political context. Distinct from Pallava rock-cut traditions (Mahabalipuram) and later Vijayanagara-era gopuram elaborations.