Global supply chains and their relationship with Geopolitics

Geopolitical competition transforms cross-border production networks into strategic terrain, and that tension between efficiency-driven just-in-time chains and security-driven restructuring is what this topic turns on. Friend-shoring, near-shoring, and China-plus-one sourcing strategies are reshaping trade flows, reinforced by export controls under U.S. Export Administration Regulations and frameworks such as the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. Strategic rivalries in semiconductors, critical minerals, and pharmaceuticals drive the restructuring. India's manufacturing and export ambitions under schemes like PLI sit at the intersection of these risks and opportunities.