India–Nepal

An open border couples the two countries' domestic politics directly, making treaty asymmetry a live argument rather than a settled one. India–Nepal relations are framed by the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950, whose Article 7 grants each country's nationals reciprocal privileges of residence, property, and trade, sustaining the open border and Gorkha recruitment. Water is governed by project treaties including the Mahakali Treaty, 1996, covering the Pancheshwar development, alongside cross-border power trade. Nepal incorporated Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura into its official map by constitutional amendment in 2020. An Eminent Persons Group constituted in 2016 was tasked with reviewing the 1950 framework.