GS-II: Governance, Polity, IR
India–France
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India–France bilateral relationship covers the Strategic Partnership (established 1998), defence cooperation (Rafale jets, P75 Scorpène submarines under Make in India), civil nuclear cooperation (Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant), space collaboration (ISRO–CNES joint missions), and convergence in multilateral forums (UN Security Council reform, climate finance). The relationship is significant as France is India's closest European defence partner and a P5 ally supporting India's UNSC permanent membership bid, tested on axes of strategic autonomy, Indo-Pacific cooperation, and technology transfer.