Rajya Sabha composition and its distinct powers

How far the Rajya Sabha actually represents States is complicated by the 2003 removal of the domicile requirement for candidates, upheld in Kuldip Nayar (2006). Article 80 caps the House at 250, up to 238 representing States and Union Territories elected by each State assembly by proportional representation with a single transferable vote, plus twelve nominated for literature, science, art and social service. Article 83 makes it permanent and undissolvable, with one-third retiring every two years. Three powers belong to it exclusively: a resolution under Article 249 enabling Parliament to legislate on a State List subject, one under Article 312 creating an All-India Service, and initiation of the Vice-President's removal.

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