Counterfeit drug rackets

India's domestic drug-quality enforcement operates through the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), which holds inspection, sampling, and recall powers under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. State drug licensing authorities conduct front-line licensing and market surveillance of spurious and substandard medicines. Post-market surveillance identifies manufacturing and labelling failures after products reach consumers. Where manufacture and distribution are entirely domestic with no cross-border network, enforcement remains within this regulatory architecture rather than involving anti-laundering or smuggling mechanisms.