GS-III: Economy, Environment, S&T
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)
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Sudden release of water from moraine-dammed or ice-dammed glacial lakes constitutes a GLOF, a hazard intensified by Himalayan glacier retreat under climate change, documented via ISRO's National Wetland Atlas and events in Uttarakhand (Rishi Ganga, 2021) and Sikkim (South Lhonak Lake, 2023). The core mechanism is thermal or structural failure of ice or moraine dams leading to catastrophic downstream flooding. Related areas of study include early warning systems, the Glaciological Society of India's monitoring role, and NDMA's high-altitude disaster protocols.