GS-III: Economy, Environment, S&T
Offshore mining
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Offshore mining refers to the extraction of minerals, polymetallic nodules, hydrocarbons, and seabed resources from the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Continental Shelf under the UNCLOS framework, the Offshore Areas Mineral Development and Regulation Act, 2002, and India's Deep Ocean Mission, including associated EIA requirements for marine environments. The mechanism requires understanding how seabed disturbance, sediment plumes, and noise affect deep-sea biodiversity, making it significant for both resource security and marine conservation debates.