GS-III: Economy, Environment, S&T
Astronomy
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Observational and theoretical study of celestial phenomena defines astronomy, encompassing neutrino astronomy (IceCube Neutrino Observatory, using Antarctic ice as detection medium), gravitational wave detection (LIGO-VIRGO), black holes, pulsars, exoplanet discovery, multi-messenger astronomy, and India's contributions via ISRO missions such as AstroSat. In the IceCube setup, high-energy neutrinos interacting with ice nuclei produce Cherenkov light flashes recorded by photomultiplier sensors, enabling reconstruction of particle energy and astrophysical source direction — illustrating how novel detection media expand observational reach.