Geomagnetic storms

Disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere caused by solar wind events — particularly coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares — that compress and distort the geomagnetic field, inducing electrical currents that disrupt power grids, GPS signals, satellite operations, HF radio communications, and auroral activity at lower latitudes. Intensity is measured on the Kp-index and Dst-index scales. Interaction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with Earth's magnetosphere drives these effects, with significant implications for critical infrastructure resilience and space weather awareness.