The President's powers and the limits of discretion

Real discretion survives Article 74's binding advice clause (added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976, with reconsideration power added by the 44th Amendment, 1978) in an unfixed deadline for assent and in choosing a Prime Minister when no party commands a clear majority. Articles 52–62 establish the office, with election through a single transferable vote by an electoral college of elected MPs and State legislative assembly members. Enumerated powers include pardon (Article 72), assent or return of a bill under Article 111, Supreme Court references under Article 143, and summoning and dissolution under Article 85.

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