Consider the following statements regarding El Niño and its relationship with Indian monsoon rainfall:

Statements

1. El Niño refers to the anomalous warming of surface waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, which is part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.
2. El Niño years are consistently associated with above-normal rainfall over the Indian subcontinent due to enhanced moisture flux from the Pacific Ocean.
3. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which measures the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, is used as an indicator of ENSO conditions affecting Asian monsoon systems.