Consider the following statements regarding the legal and operational framework governing overflight rights and airspace access under international aviation law, with reference to the India–Pakistan airspace closure:

Statements

1. The Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944) establishes that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory, giving it the unilateral right to restrict or deny overflight to foreign aircraft.
2. The International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA), 1944, automatically obliges all signatory States to grant scheduled international air services of other signatories unlimited fifth-freedom traffic rights in addition to overflight and technical stop privileges.
3. Pakistan's closure of its airspace to Indian carriers compels Indian airlines to operate longer routes over third-country airspace, increasing fuel consumption and operational costs, while foreign airlines retaining Pakistan overflight access face no equivalent burden.