Consider the following pairs regarding the drug price regulation framework in India under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO) and the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA):

Pairs

1. Scheduled formulations — Subject to ceiling prices fixed by NPPA; trade margin capped at 16% over the manufacturer's price
2. Non-scheduled formulations — Prices not directly fixed by NPPA; subject to Trade Margin Rationalisation (TMR) when NPPA intervenes in public interest
3. Trade Margin Rationalisation (TMR) — A mechanism that fixes the Maximum Retail Price by directly controlling the manufacturer's ex-factory cost rather than the trade margin in the supply chain