Consider the following pairs, each matching a function or instrument of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) with its correct characterisation under the TRAI Act, 1997:

Pairs

1. Independent Drive Test (IDT) published by TRAI — A mechanism to assess real-time mobile network Quality of Service (QoS) parameters and disseminate findings to inform consumers and prompt improvement by Telecom Service Providers
2. TRAI's recommendations to the Central Government on licensing and policy matters — Binding directions that the Central Government is legally obliged to implement
3. TRAI's tariff orders issued to Telecom Service Providers — Advisory opinions that require Parliamentary ratification before taking effect