Consider the following statements regarding the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) and its implications for agricultural trade:

Statements

1. Under EUDR, importers into the EU market are required to demonstrate that covered commodities such as coffee, cocoa, palm oil and rubber are deforestation-free and produced in compliance with the laws of the country of origin.
2. EUDR compliance requirements constitute a form of non-tariff barrier, as they mandate supply-chain due diligence and traceability documentation as a pre-condition for market access, independent of the tariff treatment of the commodity.
3. India, as a country with domestic environmental legislation on forest conservation, is exempt from EUDR due-diligence obligations because bilateral agreements between India and the EU recognise India's existing forest governance framework.