Consider the following statements regarding land degradation, soil health and landscape restoration in India:

Statements

1. Loss of soil organic carbon in agricultural soils is primarily associated with excessive use of chemical fertilisers, monoculture cropping systems and soil erosion, all of which reduce agricultural productivity.
2. Agro-forestry and tree-based interventions in degraded landscapes can simultaneously contribute to livelihood generation and the flow of ecosystem services such as water retention and soil health.
3. Landscape restoration initiatives are most effective when standardised, uniform approaches are replicated across districts regardless of local ecological conditions or land-use patterns.