Consider the following pairs regarding the regulatory and institutional framework for GM and gene-edited crops in India:

Pairs

1. Approval authority for commercial release of GM crops in India — Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Environment Protection Act, 1986
2. Gene-edited crops (e.g., CRISPR-based) — Regulated identically to transgenic/GM crops under current Indian law, requiring GEAC approval for each variety
3. First GM crop permitted for commercial cultivation in India — Bt Cotton, released in 2002