Consider the following statements regarding noise pollution as an ecological stressor and its regulation under India's Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000:

Statements

1. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 were framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and they prescribe ambient noise standards for different land-use zones including industrial, commercial, residential and silence zones.
2. Anthropogenic noise primarily harms wildlife by altering physiological traits and behaviour, but its cascading effects on predator–prey dynamics — such as elevated hunting effort by predators alongside reduced hunting success — represent a form of ecological stress that conventional habitat-protection frameworks are unlikely to address without dedicated acoustic management.
3. Marine ecosystems are less vulnerable to noise pollution than terrestrial ecosystems because water's higher density attenuates sound faster, limiting the range over which anthropogenic noise can disrupt acoustic communication among marine organisms.