Consider the following statements regarding India's ethanol blending programme and the regulatory framework for flex-fuel vehicles:

Statements

1. Flex-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on different blends of petrol and ethanol, and the emission standards applicable to them are prescribed under the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989.
2. E100 ethanol fuel, once permitted for flex-fuel vehicles, can be used in any petrol-powered vehicle as an alternative fuel, provided the vehicle meets prevailing BS-VI emission norms.
3. India's push for higher ethanol blends in transport is driven partly by an energy import-substitution strategy aimed at reducing dependence on conventional petroleum.