Consider the following pairs regarding the instruments of US pressure on third countries that purchase Russian energy, and their correct descriptions:

Pairs

1. Secondary sanctions — Penalties imposed by the US on foreign entities/countries for conducting transactions with a sanctioned party (Russia), even when those foreign entities are not themselves the primary target of US sanctions
2. Executive waiver — A presidential order that suspends the application of specific legislative provisions on national-interest grounds, without permanently repealing the underlying law
3. Bilateral trade leverage — Using the threat of punitive tariffs on a country's exports to the US as a tool to compel changes in that country's energy procurement behaviour